structural steel翻译（急求钢结构论文并带翻译）

本文目录

• 急求钢结构论文并带翻译
• 槽钢英语怎么说
• 再次求 机械英语帝 翻译！！！ 要求语句通顺
• ‘非合金结构钢热轧厚钢板’怎样翻译成英语

急求钢结构论文并带翻译

太长了，超过了10000字发不了。我这里先给你个英文的你加我QQ我给你中文的
两部分不会弄，你加我QQ我发给你吧，加分啊395886292
《英文版》 Talling building and Steel c***truction
Although there have been many advancements in building c***truction technology in general. Spectacular archievements have been made in the design and c***truction of ultrahigh-rise buildings.
The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel ***** concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial ***** high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovati*** and development of new structual systems.
Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable ***** lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partiti***,***** other architectural details. In addition,excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because their perception of such ***** systems of reinforced concrete,as well as steel,take full advantage of inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore require additional stiffening to limit the sway.
In a steel structure,for example,the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the ***** A in Fig .1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories. Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads. The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam ***** engineers have developed structural systems with a view to eliminating this premium.
Systems in steel. Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovati***. The innovati*** have been applied to the c***truction of both office and apartment buildings.
Frame with rigid belt trusses. In order to tie the exterior columns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses,a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the building may be used. A good example of this system is the First Wisc***in Bank Building(1974) in Milwaukee.
Framed tube. The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a tall building, for both strength and stiffness,to resist wind load can be achieved only if all column element can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box in projecting out of the ground. This particular structural system was probably used for the first time in the 43-story reinforced concrete DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building in Chicago. The most significant use of this system is in the twin structural steel towers of the 110-story World Trade Center building in New York
Column-diagonal truss tube. The exterior columns of a building can be spaced reasonably far apart and yet be made to work together as a tube by connecting them with diagonal members interesting at the centre line of the columns and beams. This ****** yet extremely efficient system was used for the first time on the John Hancock Centre in Chicago, using as much steel as is normally needed for a traditional 40-story building.
Bundled tube. With the continuing need for larger and taller buildings, the framed tube or the column-diagonal truss tube may be used in a bundled form to create larger tube envelopes while maintaining high efficiency. The 110-story Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago has nine tube, bundled at the base of the building in three rows. Some of these individual tubes terminate at different heights of the building, dem***trating the unlimited architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept. The Sears tower, at a height of 1450 ft(442m), is the world’s tallest building.
Stressed-skin tube system. The tube structural system was developed for improving the resistance to lateral forces (wind and earthquake) and the control of drift (lateral building movement ) in high-rise building. The stressed-skin tube takes the tube system a step further. The development of the stressed-skin tube utilizes the façade of the building as a structural element which acts with the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in high-rise buildings, and resulting in cost-effective column-**** interior space with a high ratio of net to gross floor area.
Because of the contribution of the stressed-skin façade, the framed members of the tube require less mass, and are thus lighter and less expensive. All the typical columns andspandrel beams are standard rolled shapes,minimizing the use and cost of special built-up members. The depth requirement for the perimeter spandrel beams is also reduced, and the need for upset beams above floors, which would encroach on valuable space, is minimized. The structural system has been used on the 54-story One Mellon Bank Center in Pittburgh.
Systems in concrete. While tall buildings c***tructed of steel had an early start, development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a competitive chanllenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings.
Framed tube. As discussed above, the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for the 43-story DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building. In this building ,exterior columns were spaced at ***** (*****) centers, and interior columns were used as needed to support the 8-in . -thick (20-m) flat-plate concrete slabs.
Tube in tube. Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings combines the traditional shear wall c***truction with an exterior framed tube. The system c***ists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area. The system (Fig .2), known as the tube-in-tube system , made it possible to design the world’s present tallest (714ft or 218m)lightweight concrete building ( the 52-story One Shell Plaza Building in Houston) for the unit price of a traditional shear wall structure of only 35 stories.
Systems combining both concrete and steel have also been developed, an examle of which is the composite system developed by skidmore, Owings &Merril in which an exterior closely spaced framed tube in concrete envelops an interior steel framing, thereby combining the advantages of both reinforced concrete and structural steel systems. The 52-story One Shell Square Building in New Orleans is based on this system.
Steel c***truction refers to a broad range of building c***truction in which steel plays the leading role. Most steel c***truction c***ists of large-scale buildings or engineering works, with the steel generally in the form of beams, girders, bars, plates, and other members shaped through the hot-rolled process. Despite the increased use of other materials, steel c***truction remained a major outlet for the steel industries of the ***, ***, *****, Japan, West German, France, and other steel producers in the 1970s
Early history. The history of steel c***truction begins paradoxically several decades before the introduction of the Bessemer and the Siemens-Martin (openj-hearth) processes made it possible to produce steel in quantities sufficient for structure use. Many of problems of steel c***truction were studied earlier in connection with iron c***truction, which began with the Coalbrookdale Bridge, built in cast iron over the Severn River in England in 1777. This and subsequent iron bridge work, in addition to the c***truction of steam boilers and iron ship hulls , spurred the development of techniques for fabricating, designing, and jioning. The advantages of iron over masonry lay in the much **aller amounts of material required. The truss form, based on the resistance of the ******** to deformation, long used in timber, was translated effectively into iron, with cast iron being used for compression members-i.e, those bearing the weight of direct loading-and wrought iron being used for tension members-i.e, those bearing the pull of suspended loading.
The technique for passing iron, heated to the plastic state, between rolls to form flat and rounded bars, was developed as early as 1800;by 1819 angle ir*** were rolled; and in 1849 the first I beams, **** feet (****) long , were fabricated as roof girders for a Paris railroad station.
Two years later Joseph Paxton of England built the Crystal Palace for the London Exposition of 1851. He is said to have conceived the idea of cage c***truction-using relatively slender iron beams as a skeleton for the glass walls of a large, open structure. Resistance to wind forces in the Crystal palace was provided by diagonal iron rods. Two feature are particularly important in the history of metal c***truction; first, the use of latticed girder, which are **all trusses, a form first developed in timber bridges and other structures and translated into metal by Paxton ; and second, the joining of wrought-iron tension members and cast-iron compression members by means of rivets inserted while hot.
In 1853 the first metal floor beams were rolled for the Cooper Union Building in New York. In the light of the principal market demand for iron beams at the time, it is not surprising that the Cooper Union beams closely resembled railroad rails.
The development of the Bessemer and Siemens-Martin processes in the 1850s and 1860s suddenly open the way to the use of steel for structural purpose. Stronger than iron in both tension and compression ,the newly available metal was seized on by imaginative engineers, notably by those involved in building the great number of heavy railroad bridges then in demand in Britain, Europe, and the ***.
A notable example was the Eads Bridge, also known as the St. Louis Bridge, in St. Louis (1867-1874), in which tubular steel ribs were used to form arches with a span of more than 500ft (*****). In Britain, the Firth of Forth cantilever bridge (1883-90) employed tubular struts, some 12 ft (*****) in diameter and 350 ft (107m) long. Such bridges and other structures were important in leading to the development and enforcement of standards and codification of permissible design stresses. The lack of adequate theoretical knowledge, and even of an adequate basis for theoretical studies, limited the value of stress ****ysis during the early years of the 20th century,as iccasionally failures,such as that of a cantilever bridge in Quebec in 1907,***** failures were rare in the metal-skeleton office buildings;the simplicity of their design proved highly practical even in the absence of sophisticated ****ysis techniques. Throughout the first third of the century, ordinary carbon steel, without any special alloy strengthening or hardening, was universally used.
The possibilities inherent in metal c***truction for high-rise building was dem***trated to the world by the Paris Exposition of ***** which Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel, a leading French bridge engineer, erected an openwork metal tower 300m (984 ft) high. Not only was the height-more than double that of the Great Pyramid-remarkable, but the speed of erection and low cost were even more so, a **all crew completed the work in a few months.
The first skyscrapers. Meantime, in the United States another important development was taking place. In 1884-85 Maj. William Le Baron Jenney, a Chicago engineer , had designed the Home Insurance Building, ten stories high, with a metal skeleton. Jenney’s beams were of Bessemer steel, though his columns were cast iron. Cast iron lintels supporting masonry over window openings were, in turn, supported on the cast iron columns. Soild masonry court and party walls provided lateral support against wind loading. Within a decade the same type of c***truction had been used in more than 30 office buildings in Chicago and New York. Steel played a larger and larger role in these , with riveted connecti*** for beams and columns, sometimes strengthened for wind bracing by overlaying gusset plates at the junction of vertical and horizontal members. Light masonry curtain walls, supported at each floor level, replaced the old heavy masonry curtain walls, supported at each floor level , replaced the oldheavy masonry.
Though the new c***truction form was to remain centred almost entirely in America for several decade, its impact on the steel industry was worldwide. By the last years of the 19th century, the basic structural shapes-I beams up to 20 in. ( *****) in depth and Z and T shapes of lesser proporti*** were readily available, to combine with plates of several widths and thicknesses to make efficient members of any required size and strength. In 1885 the heaviest structural shape produced through hot-rolling weighed less than 100 pounds (45 kilograms) per foot; decade by decade this figure rose until in the 1960s it exceeded 700 pounds (320 kilograms) per foot.
Coincident with the introduction of structural steel came the introduction of the Otis electric elevator in 1889. The dem***tration of a safe passenger elevator, together with that of a safe and economical steel c***truction method, sent building heights soaring. In New York the 286-ft (87.2-m) Flatiron Building of 1902 was surpassed in 1904 by the 375-ft (115-m) Times Building ( renamed the Allied Chemical Building) , the 468-ft (143-m) City Investing Company Building in Wall Street, the 612-ft (187-m) Singer Building (1908), the 700-ft (214-m) Metropolitan Tower (1909) and, in 1913, the 780-ft (232-m) Woolworth Building.
The rapid increase in height and the height-to-width ratio brought problems. To limit street congestion, building setback design was prescribed. On the technical side, the problem of lateral support was studied. A diagonal bracing system, such as that used in the Eiffel Tower, was not architecturally desirable in offices relying on sunlight for illumination. The answer was found in greater reliance on the bending resistance of certain individual beams and columns strategically designed into the skeletn frame, together with a high degree of rigidity sought at the junction of the beams and columns. With today’s modern interior lighting systems, however, diagonal bracing against wind loads has returned; one notable example is the John Hancock Center in Chicago, where the external X-braces form a dramatic part of the structure’s façade.
World War I brought an interruption to the boom in what had come to be called skyscrapers (the origin of the word is uncertain), but in the 1920s New York saw a resumption of the height race, culminating in the Empire State Building in the 1931. The Empire State’s 102 stories (1,250ft. ) were to keep it established as the hightest building in the world for the next 40 years. Its speed of the erection dem***trated how thoroughly the new c***truction technique had been mastered. A depot across the bay at Bayonne, ***., supplied the girders by lighter and truck on a schedule operated with millitary precision; nine derricks powerde by electric hoists lifted the girders to position; an industrial-railway setup moved steel and other material on each floor. Initial connecti*** were made by bolting , closely followed by riveting, followed by masonry and finishing. The entire job was completed in one year and 45 days.
The worldwide depression of the 1930s and World War II provided another interruption to steel c***truction development, but at the same time the introduction of welding to replace riveting provided an important advance.
Joining of steel parts by metal are welding had been successfully achieved by the end of the 19th century and was used in emergency ship repairs during World War I, but its application to c***truction was limited until after World War II. Another advance in the same area had been the introduction of high-strength bolts to replace rivets in field connecti***.
Since the close of World War II, research in Europe, the ***., and Japan has greatly extended knowledge of the behavior of different types of structural steel under varying stresses, including those exceeding the yield point, ****** possible more refined and systematic ****ysis. This in turn has led to the adoption of more liberal design codes in most countries, more imaginative design made possible by so-called plastic design ?The introduction of the computer by short-cutting tedious *****work, made further advances and savings possible.

槽钢英语怎么说

问题一：角钢槽钢工字钢英文简写? 工字钢也称钢梁（英文名称 I Beam)，是截面为工字形的长条钢材.
槽钢是截面为凹槽形的长条钢材(英文名称Channel Steel ）
角钢俗称角铁、是两边互相钉直成角形的长条钢材（angle(steel);

问题二：槽钢的英文缩写 槽钢的英文是Channel beam，可缩写为Chan.

问题三：舷侧护舷材为槽钢，共两道用英语怎么说 The side fenders for the channel, a total of two
舷侧护舷材为槽钢，共两道

问题四：40角铁用英语怎么说 一老头骑三轮蹭了路边停的一辆路虎，正愁眉苦脸时，这时走过来一个路人，路人问：赔得起么？老头：赔不起！路人说：赔不起还不跑，等人家来找你啊！老头欲言又止，最终还是一步三回头的走了！这时这名路人拿出钥匙开着路虎走了！人一生当中，最大的炫耀，不是你的财富，也不是你的精明，更不是你的手段；而是一种简单的理解和体谅！与君共勉，早！

问题五：Q235热镀锌板用英语怎么说 没有Q2351哈。Q235普通碳素结构钢又称作A3板。普通碳素结构钢－普板是一种钢材的材质。Q代表的是这种材质的屈服极限，后面的235，就是指这种材质的屈服值，在235MPa左右。并会随着材质的厚度的增加而使其屈服值减小，由于含碳适中，综合性能较好，强度、塑性和焊接等性能得到较好配合，用途最广泛。知识扩展：钢材的种类炼钢炉炼出的钢水被铸成钢坯，钢锭或钢坯经压力加工成钢材（钢铁产品）。钢材种类很多，一般可分为型、板、管和丝四大类。1、型钢类型钢品种很多，是一种具有一定截面形状和尺寸的实心长条钢材。按其断面形状不同又分简单和复杂断面两种。前者包括圆钢、方钢、扁钢、六角钢和角钢；后者包括钢轨、工字钢、槽钢、窗框钢和异型钢等。直径在*****的小圆钢称线材。2、钢板类是一种宽厚比和表面积都很大的扁平钢材。按厚度不同分薄板（厚度25mm）三种。钢带包括在钢板类内。3、钢管类钢管类是一种中空截面的长条钢材。按其截面形状不同可分圆管、方形管、六角形管和各种异形截面钢管。按加工工艺不同又可分无缝钢管和焊管钢管两大类。4、钢丝类钢丝是线材的再一次冷加工产品。按形状不同分圆钢丝、扁形钢丝和三角形钢丝等。钢丝除直接使用外，还用于生产钢丝绳、钢纹线和其他制品。按外形可分为线材、型材、板材、管材、金属制品五大类。线材：普线高线螺纹钢型材：工字钢槽钢角钢方钢重轨高工钢H型钢圆钢不等边角钢扁钢轻轨齿轮钢六角钢耐热钢棒合结圆钢合工圆钢方管碳工钢轴承钢碳结圆钢不锈圆钢轴承圆钢矩型管弹簧钢板材：中厚板容器板中板碳结板锅炉板低合金板花纹板冷板热板冷卷板热卷板镀锌板电镀锌板电镀锌卷锰板不锈钢板硅钢片彩涂板彩钢瓦楞铁镀锌卷板热轧带钢管材：焊管不锈钢管热镀锌管冷镀锌管无缝管螺旋管热轧无缝金属材料：生铁马口铁铝铅黄铜锡锌钢材是国家建设必不可少的重要物资，应用广泛、品种繁多，根据断面形状的不同、钢材一般分为线材、型材、板材、管材和金属制品五大类、为了便于组织钢材的生产、订货供应和搞好经营管理工作，又分为重轨、轻轨、大型型钢、中型型钢、小型型钢、钢材冷弯型钢，优质型钢、线材、中厚钢板、薄钢板、电工用硅钢片、带钢、无缝钢管钢材、焊接钢管、金属制品等品种。更多更详细的介绍请参考百度文库：钢材种类介绍*****/...eCm###

问题六：钢管英语怎么说 这个问题问到我之前的工作了！呵呵....
钢管 steel pipes
焊管 ERW pipes
螺纹钢 deformed steel bars
钢板 steel plates
H 型（角)钢 I beams 又叫槽钢
还有其它的如果想要知道的，可以问我。我之前是做钢材出口检验的。这一类问题我还是比较熟悉的！

问题七：轴承钢英语怎么表达 Bearing Steel 轴承钢
钢材（Steel）相关词汇中英文对照
A R Steel 高温度锰钢
Abnormal Steel 反常钢； 非正常钢
Aluminium-steel Cable 钢铝电缆
Aluminized Steel 涂铝钢
Aluminum Nickel Steel 铝镍钢
Anchored Steel Trestle 锚固式钢栈桥
Angle Steel Ruler 钢角尺
Anisotropic Steel 各向异性钢片
Anisotropy Silicon Steel 各向异性硅钢片
Annealed Sheet Steel 退火薄钢板
Annealed Steel 退火钢； 韧钢
Anti-Creeping Angle Steel 防爬角铁
Anticorrosive Aluminium-Coated Steel Wire 防蚀镀铝钢丝
Arc-Furnace Steel 电炉钢
Arc-Welded Steel Pipe 电弧焊接钢管
Area Of Steel 钢筋断面面积； 钢筋截面面积
Area Of Structural Steel 型钢截面积
Armco Aluminized Steel 阿姆柯渗铝钢
Armco Aluminized Steel 表面浸镀铝钢
Armco Stabilized Steel 阿母柯稳定化钢
Armco Steel 阿姆柯软钢
Austenilic Ni-Cr Stainless Steel 奥氏体镍铬不锈钢
Austenitic Alloy Steel 奥氏体合金钢
Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Steel 奥氏体铬-镍钢
Austenitic Clad Steel 奥氏体复合钢
Austenitic Heat-Resistance Steel 奥氏体耐热钢
Austenitic Manganese Steel 奥氏体锰钢； 哈德菲尔德锰钢
Austenitic Stainless Steel 奥氏体不锈钢
Austenitic Steel 奥氏体钢
Automatic Steel 易切削钢
Automatic（Al） Steel 易切削钢
Axle Shaft Steel 车轴钢
Axle Steel 车轴钢
Bainitic Steel 贝氏体钢
Balanced Steel 半镇静钢
Ball Bearing Steel Strip 滚珠轴承钢带
Ball Race Steel 滚珠轴承圈钢
Ball-Bearing Steel 滚珠轴承钢
Bamboo Steel 竹节钢筋
Band Steel 带钢
Banding Steel 带钢； 箍钢
Bar Steel 棒钢； 条钢
Basic Bessemer Steel 碱性贝氏转炉钢
Basic Bessemer Steel 碱性转炉钢
Basic Bessemer Steel Converter 碱性转炉钢转炉
Basic Converter Steel 碱性转炉钢
Basic Electric Furnace Steel 碱性电炉钢
Basic Open Hearth Steel 碱性平炉钢
Battened Steel Column 双肢钢柱
Beam Steel Plate 大梁钢板
Beam With pression Steel 双筋梁
Bearing Quality Steel 滚珠钢
Bearing Steel 轴承钢
Bent Steel 挠曲钢筋
Bessem......》》

问题八：槽钢A和B怎么区分 A级不做冲击试验，B做，B质量比A好，一般糟钢上面都会有标签

再次求 机械英语帝 翻译！！！ 要求语句通顺

*****
扭转两高粗轧机（美国钢铁学会）
*****
在控制台操作扭转两高粗加工MIL（伯利恒钢铁公司提供）
*****
可钻。加热。或焊接无加工硬化等并发症。脆化。或开裂。花开有时是进一步减少钢坯厂的大小（图***）被加工成成品，如棒材股票之前，酒吧和棒（线），可无论是低碳钢或更高碳和合金结构钢。
由于元宝是通过大规模的轧辊进行热，塑钢被挤压到一个较小的厚度。辊每通带来了紧密联系起来，造成钢锭获得通过它之间劳斯莱斯（*****）的时间更长，更薄。热轧形状的变得很长，必须削减标准客户长度（*****）。轧机的不同配置包括两高，三高，四高，集群轧机，连轧机。两高轧机可用于减少股票反向动作;然而，由于轧辊的大惯性，它需要一个复杂的机制，扭转方向旋转。三辊轧机的优势超过两辊轧机轧辊的旋转方向没有得到扭转。在一通，股票之间传递的前两卷，然后降低股票和较低的两个辊之间传递，在这之后被取消，重复操作（*****）。这种配置的唯一的缺点是，它需要昂贵的处理系统。四高（*****和****）和集群米尔斯（*****）使用小直径轧辊，以减少股票的尺寸，因为小直径轧辊需要较少的能量和力量相同的效果
*****
从开花或锭轧制结构钢和铁轨。配备沟槽辊轧机生产标准形状。宽翼缘部分回滚关于已ungrooved水平和垂直卷的钢厂（美国钢铁及钢Institude）
*****
钢材，钢坯出现35，初轧机。从钢锭，钢坯已推出。这个厂的产品最终将进入酒吧。两个独立的轧机上的拨号表明推出的钢坯的大小。在这个特殊的磨（伯利恒钢铁公司提供），合金工具钢锭处理。
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图表表明钢厂用轧辊和轧制过程的各种安排。极端高温和高压下操作，轧辊必须经常改变，一个新的或新的或抛光的磨辊供应始终保持磨自己的加工车间（美国钢铁）

‘非合金结构钢热轧厚钢板’怎样翻译成英语

‘非合金结构钢热轧厚钢板’
Hot-rolled unalloy structural steel plates
合金结构钢热轧厚钢板
Hot-rolled alloy structural steel plates
非合金钢板 = Unalloy Steel Plate